Grys and Trzc sk also

Grys and Trzcıńskı also described in detail the thermochemical program ZMWNI that they used for the calculations. The results of exemplary calculations were presented to verify the ZMWNI program. The code can calculate the parameters of combustion, explosion and detonation of condensed energetic materials as well as determine the curve of expansion of detonation products in the form of JWL isentrope [97] and the calcium sensing receptor of detonation [98]. Moreover, the ZMWNI code is presented as capable of determining the non-equilibrium states for frozen composition or for different temperature of components. In their work, Moxnes et al. first theoretically studied the different energetic measures of aluminized explosives by applying the rules of thermodynamics [35]. Thereafter, they applied a well-known thermodynamic computer code to calculate various energetic quantities at different aluminum contents and freezing temperature. Energy concepts for aluminized explosives such as the calorimetric energy of explosion, enthalpy of explosion, work of explosion and Gibbs free energy of explosion were analyzed and compared to experimental values. They also studied the work of Carnot which is relevant for thermobaric effects. It was found that for highly aluminized explosives (e.g. 50% Al), the work of Carnot was of the same size as the work of explosion. They could conclude that neither of the quantities, such as change in free energy, enthalpy nor internal energy of explosion should be considered as good measures of effectiveness of aluminized explosives [35]. A great deal of effort has been made in parallel to numerical simulations. French researchers have developed a specific model which is able to reproduce the experimental blast effects [54]. This model can reproduce the expansion of the detonation products in a room, the shock wave reflections and the interaction between detonation products and air leading to the formation of afterburning products. This model was called DECO (detonation combustion). In order to be able to simulate large scale trials, the DECO was associated with an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) technique. Thus, this coupling enabled Collet et al. to simulate the behavior of detonation products generated by 1 kg of explosive in 8 × 8 × 8 m3 room with a reasonable number of nodes (4.106) [54]. On the other hand, while experimenting with SIBEX explosive, Lips et al. also numerically modeled and made some tests with it within a multi room bunker complex [61]. The results were analyzed and screened to an optimized SIBEX composition for application in a shoulder launched weapon (SLW) system. Arnold and Rottenkolber, while studying combustion of boron-loaded explosives, applied a single phase hydrocode model with idealized kinetics (which had been previously developed) in order to model some of the detonation chamber trials [32]. Though the model is strictly applicable only to charges with fast-burning fuels, it was also applied to a charge with high boron content. Manner et al. performed plate tests (as mentioned above) to observe blast effects and aluminum reactions at longer timescales (100–200 ms), and measured plate velocities up to 31% higher for HMX-Al than for HMX-LiF. The free field pressure measurements showed 38% higher pressures for HMX-Al than for HMX-LiF at 1.52 m (1.5 and 1.8 ms). They made CTH calculations for the plate velocities. The hydrocode calculations were performed to determine how non-ideal behavior affected the plate test results while trying to find out the role of aluminum in the detonation and post-detonation expansion of selected cast HMX-based explosives [7].
Epilogue
Introduction Since 2001, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) have been responsible for over 50% of the coalition soldiers\' deaths, and IEDs dangerousness continues to intensify [1]. IEDs are made of explosive material (typically discarded artillery ammunition) connected to a triggering system. The explosion of such a weapon generates blast wave (primary effect), fragments (secondary effect) and heat that interact with critical components or crew to incapacitate a platform. The interaction may be direct or indirect as in the case of Behind Armour Debris (BADs) generated by impacting fragments.